Abstract
"Zombie lending"—lending to less-productive firms at subsidized rates—can help banks with misaligned incentives in the short run, but it prolongs economic downturns. We propose that inefficient resolution of insolvency is a significant contributor to this problem. We exploit variation in the efficiency of insolvency across countries to show that lack of formal bankruptcies, cheap (zombie) credit, and stickiness of existing creditors is more common in bad economic periods when insolvency works less well.