The insights from the crowd: Drawing inferences from many approaches to key empirical questions in international business

Andrew Delios; Tianyou Hu; Shu Yu; Nan Zhou; Faisal M. Ahsan; Mona Bahl; Tao Bai; Madhurima Basu; Hanoku Bathula; Georgios Batsakis; Jorge Carneiro; Dwarka Chakravarty; Danyang Chen; Weihong Chen; Ying-Yu Chen; Luis Alfonso Dau; Shu Deng; Desislava Dikova; Xiaomin Fan; Viswa Prasad Gada; Dongdong Huang; Hyun Gon Kim; Kyungjoong Kim; Aleš Kubíček; Chengguang Li; Wen Helena Li; Yi Li; Yuanyuan Li; Yung-Chih Lien; Huanchen Liu; Wei Liu; Grigorij Ljubownikow; Racheal Louis Vincent; Ondřej Machek; Parul Manocha; Yoichi Matsumoto; Atthaphon Mumi; Chao Niu; N. Nuruzzaman; Vidya Sukumara Panicker; K. Praveen Parboteeah; Wei Qiao; Xiaole Qiao; Shyamala Sethuram; Ao Shen; Lei Shi; Evis Sinani; Sandeep Sivakumar; Pei-Shan Soon; Maximilian Stallkamp; Priit Tinits; Andranik Tumasjan; Mayank Varshney; Andres Velez-Calle; Chris Wagner; Peng Wang; Xingang Wang; Yong Wang; Liang Wen; Tao Wu; Sandeep Yadav; Jiaju Yan; Jing Yu Yang; Megan Zhang; Weihao Zhang; Yameng Zhang; Yang Zhao; Daniel Tolstoy; Eric Uhlmann

doi:10.1057/s41267-025-00808-9

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The insights from the crowd: Drawing inferences from many approaches to key empirical questions in international business

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The insights from the crowd: Drawing inferences from many approaches to key empirical questions in international business

Andrew Delios, Tianyou Hu, Shu Yu, Nan Zhou, Faisal M. Ahsan, Mona Bahl, Tao Bai, Madhurima Basu, Hanoku Bathula, Georgios Batsakis, …

Journal of International Business Studies, Vol.56, pp.1102-1124

2025-12

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-025-00808-9

Abstract

Crowdsourcing

Many analysts

Open science

Entry mode strategy

Multinational firms

In this crowdsourced initiative, 57 independent analysts used the same longitudinal dataset to address four major empirical questions in international business. For all four research questions, different analysts obtained substantial estimates in opposite directions, meaning that they could have drawn any conclusion at all had they conducted the project alone. Aggregating across the results obtained by different analysts pointed to an overall answer for two of the four research questions, although for one of the two questions, the evidence was more suggestive than conclusive. That said, the variability in results was not simply random, and could in some cases be meaningfully explained. Choices regarding how to operationalize variables played an important role in determining the empirical results, and expert analysts were more likely to report large positive effects. Rather than exhibiting a bias to confirm their pre-existing beliefs, analysts appeared to rationally update their beliefs considering the evidence. Overall, these findings empirically demonstrate the role of subjective researcher choices in shaping results in international business research yet also show that it is still possible to draw meaningful conclusions in science. We advocate for an open science of international business in which the consequences of subjective analytic choices are rendered as transparent as possible.

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Title: The insights from the crowd: Drawing inferences from many approaches to key empirical questions in international business
Creators: Andrew Delios - National University of Singapore
Tianyou Hu - University of Macau
Shu Yu - Monash University
Nan Zhou - Tongji University
Faisal M. Ahsan - Xavier School of Management
Mona Bahl - Illinois State University
Tao Bai - The University of Queensland
Madhurima Basu - Symbiosis International University
Hanoku Bathula - University of Auckland
Georgios Batsakis - The American College of Greece
Jorge Carneiro - Fundação Getulio Vargas
Dwarka Chakravarty - San Diego State University
Danyang Chen - Shanghai University of Finance and Economics
Weihong Chen - Guangxi University
Ying-Yu Chen - National Dong Hwa University
Luis Alfonso Dau - Northeastern University
Shu Deng - University of Mississippi
Desislava Dikova - Vienna University of Economics and Business
Xiaomin Fan - Nanjing University of Science and Technology
Viswa Prasad Gada - Glasgow Caledonian University
Dongdong Huang - Nankai University
Hyun Gon Kim - Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
Kyungjoong Kim - Northwest Missouri State University
Aleš Kubíček - Prague University of Economics and Business
Chengguang Li - Technical University of Munich
Wen Helena Li - University of Technology Sydney
Yi Li - The University of Sydney
Yuanyuan Li - California State University Los Angeles
Yung-Chih Lien - National Taiwan University
Huanchen Liu - Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Wei Liu - Qingdao University
Grigorij Ljubownikow - University of Auckland
Racheal Louis Vincent - Monash University Malaysia
Ondřej Machek - Prague University of Economics and Business
Parul Manocha - University of Alabama at Birmingham
Yoichi Matsumoto - Keio University
Atthaphon Mumi - Mahasarakham University
Chao Niu - City University of Hong Kong
N. Nuruzzaman - University of Manchester
Vidya Sukumara Panicker - Loughborough University
K. Praveen Parboteeah - University of Wisconsin–Madison
Wei Qiao - Xiamen University
Xiaole Qiao - Chang'an University
Shyamala Sethuram - Baruch College
Ao Shen - Xidian University
Lei Shi - University of International Business and Economics
Evis Sinani - Copenhagen Business School
Sandeep Sivakumar - Indian Institute of Management Raipur
Pei-Shan Soon - Sunway University
Maximilian Stallkamp - East Carolina University
Priit Tinits - Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economiques
Andranik Tumasjan - Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
Mayank Varshney - Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad
Andres Velez-Calle - Universidad EAFIT
Chris Wagner
Peng Wang - Beijing Normal-Hong Kong Baptist University
Xingang Wang - University of Auckland
Yong Wang - Southwest Jiaotong University
Liang Wen - Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University
Tao Wu - Chinese University of Hong Kong
Sandeep Yadav - Indian Institute of Management Bangalore
Jiaju Yan - Baylor University
Jing Yu Yang - The University of Sydney
Megan Zhang
Weihao Zhang - Guangxi University
Yameng Zhang - Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University
Yang Zhao - Northwest Normal University
Daniel Tolstoy - Stockholm School of Economics, Department of Marketing and Strategy
Eric Uhlmann - INSEAD
Publication Details: Journal of International Business Studies, Vol.56, pp.1102-1124
Publisher: Springer Nature
Copyright: This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Academic Unit: Center for Security and Resilience; Department of Marketing and Strategy
Language: English
Resource Type: Journal article

The insights from the crowd: Drawing inferences from many approaches to key empirical questions in international business

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