Abstract
This study investigates the impact of robustness, responsiveness, and resilience (Triple-R capabilities) on supply chain sustainability while examining the moderating role of supply chain complexity. Drawing on dynamic capabilities and complexity theory, the study develops a conceptual model and tests it using survey data collected from 199 manufacturing firms in Pakistan. The results confirm that all three Triple-R capabilities—robustness, responsiveness, and resilience—positively influence supply chain sustainability. Furthermore, robustness and resilience show enhanced effects under high supply chain complexity, whereas the moderating role of complexity on responsiveness is statistically insignificant. This study provides a holistic empirical examination of how Triple-R capabilities contribute to sustainable supply chains in complex environments. It extends current literature by integrating dynamic capabilities and complexity theory, highlighting the need to tailor strategic capabilities to environmental contingencies. © 2026 ERP Environment and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
